ASTM C335/C335M-23

4.1?As determined by this test method, the pipe insulation lineal thermal resistance or conductance (and, when applicable, the thermal resistivity or conductivity) are means of comparing insulations which include the effects of the insulation and its fit upon the pipe, circumferential and longitudinal jointing, and variations in construction, but do not include the effects of the outer surface resistance or heat transfer coefficient. They are thus appropriate when the insulation outer-surface temperature and the pipe temperature are known or specified. However, since the thermal properties determined by this test method include the effects of fit and jointing, they are not true material properties. Therefore, properties determined by this test method are somewhat different from those obtained on apparently similar material in flat form using the guarded hot plate, Test Method C177, or the heat flow meter apparatus, Test Method C518.

4.2?The pipe insulation lineal thermal transference incorporates both the effect of the insulation and its fit upon the pipe and also the effect of the surface heat-transfer coefficient. It is appropriate when the ambient conditions and the pipe temperature are known or specified and the thermal effects of the surface are to be included.

4.3?Because of the test condition requirements prescribed in this test method, recognize that the thermal transfer properties obtained will not necessarily be the value pertaining under all service conditions. As an example, this test method provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained by tests on dry or conditioned specimens, while such conditions are not necessarily realized in service. The results obtained are strictly applicable only for the conditions of test and for the product construction tested, and must not be applied without proper adjustment when the material is used at other conditions, such as mean temperatures that differ appreciably from those of the test. With these qualifications in mind, the following apply:

4.4?It is difficult to measure the thermal performance of reflective insulation that incorporate air cavities, since the geometry and orientation of the air cavities can affect convective heat transfer. While it is always desirable to test full-length pipe sections, this is not always possible due to size limitations of existing pipe insulation testers. If insulation sections are tested less than full length, internal convective heat transfer are usually altered, which would affect the measured performance. Therefore, it must be recognized that the measured thermal performance of less than full-length insulation sections is not necessarily representative of full-length sections.

4.5?The design of the guarded-end pipe apparatus is based upon negligible axial heat flow in the specimen, the test pipe, heaters, and other thermal conductive paths between the metering and guard sections. Some nonhomogeneous and reflective insulation are usually modified at the end over the guard gap in order to prevent axial heat flow. Avoid these modifications where possible, but for some nonhomogeneous insulation designs, they provide the only means to satisfy the negligible heat flow assumption across the guard gaps. Therefore, thermal performance measured on insulation specimens with modified ends are not necessarily representative of the performance of standard insulation sections.

4.6?It is acceptable to use this test method to determine the effect of end joints or other isolated irregularities by comparing tests of two specimens, one of which is uniform throughout its length and the other which contains the joint or other irregularity within the test section. The difference in heat loss between these two tests, corrected for the uniform area covered by the joint or other irregularity, is the extra heat loss introduced. Care must be taken that the tests are performed under the same conditions of pipe and ambient temperature and that sufficient length exists between the joint or irregularity and the test section ends to prevent appreciable end loss.

4.7?For satisfactory results in conformance with this test method, the principles governing construction and use of apparatus described in this test method must be followed. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by this test method, then all the pertinent requirements prescribed in this test method shall be met or any exceptions shall be described in the report.

4.8?It is not practical in a test method of this type to establish details of construction and procedure to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperature measurements, and general testing practices. Standardization of this test method does not reduce the need for such technical knowledge. It is recognized also that it would be unwise to restrict the further development of improved or new methods or procedures by research workers because of standardization of this test method.

1.1?This test method covers the measurement of the steady-state heat transfer properties of pipe insulations. Specimen types include rigid, flexible, and loose fill; homogeneous and nonhomogeneous; isotropic and nonisotropic; circular or non-circular cross section. Measurement of metallic reflective insulation and mass insulations with metal jackets or other elements of high axial conductance is included; however, additional precautions must be taken and specified special procedures must be followed.

1.2?The test apparatus for this purpose is a guarded-end or calibrated-end pipe apparatus. The guarded-end apparatus is a primary (or absolute) method. The guarded-end method is comparable, but not identical to ISO 8497. The ISO method does not use the calculation procedure in Practice C1045.

1.3?The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

1.4?When appropriate, or as required by specifications or other test methods, the following thermal transfer properties for the specimen can be calculated from the measured data (see 3.2):