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ASTM D6029/D6029M-20
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky Confining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob Method
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NORM herausgegeben am 1.6.2020
Informationen über die Norm:
Bezeichnung normen: ASTM D6029/D6029M-20
Ausgabedatum normen: 1.6.2020
SKU: NS-997611
Zahl der Seiten: 11
Gewicht ca.: 33 g (0.07 Pfund)
Land: Amerikanische technische Norm
Kategorie: Technische Normen ASTM
Kategorie - ähnliche Normen:
Die Annotation des Normtextes ASTM D6029/D6029M-20 :
Keywords:
aquifers, aquifer tests, confined aquifers, confining beds, control wells, groundwater, hydraulic properties, leakance, leaky aquifers, observation wells, storage coefficient, transmissivity,, ICS Number Code 13.060.10 (Water of natural resources)
Ergänzende Informationen
| Significance and Use |
|
5.1 Assumptions: 5.1.1 The control well discharges at a constant rate, 5.1.2 The control well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer. 5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. Note 2: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous
medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide
meaningful data and information.
5.1.4 The aquifer remains saturated (that is, water level does not decline below the top of the aquifer). 5.1.5 The aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness. It is assumed that there is no change of water storage in this confining bed and that the hydraulic gradient across this bed changes instantaneously with a change in head in the aquifer. This confining bed is bounded on the distal side by a uniform head source where the head does not change with time. 5.1.6 The other confining bed is impermeable. 5.1.7 Leakage into the aquifer is vertical and proportional to the drawdown, and flow in the aquifer is strictly horizontal. 5.1.8 Flow in the aquifer is two-dimensional and radial in the horizontal plane. 5.2 The geometry of the well and aquifer system is shown in Fig. 1. 5.3 Implications of Assumptions: 5.3.1 Paragraph 5.1.1 indicates that the discharge from the control well is at a constant rate. Section 8.1 of Test Method D4050 discusses the variation from a strictly constant rate that is acceptable. A continuous trend in the change of the discharge rate could result in misinterpretation of the water-level change data unless taken into consideration. 5.3.2 The leaky confining bed problem considered by the Hantush-Jacob solution requires that the control well has an infinitesimal diameter and has no storage. Abdul Khader and Ramadurgaiah FIG. 2 Time—Drawdown Variation in the Control Well for FIG. 3 Schematic Diagram of Two-Aquifer System 5.3.2.1 The time needed for the effects of control-well bore storage to diminish enough that drawdowns in observation wells should fit the Hantush-Jacob solution is less clear. But the time adopted for when drawdowns in the discharging control well are no longer dominated by well-bore storage affects probably should be the minimum estimate of the time to adopt for observation well data. 5.3.3 The assumption that the aquifer is
bounded, above or below, by a leaky layer on one side and a
nonleaky layer on the other side is not likely to be entirely
satisfied in the field. Neuman and Witherspoon (6, p. 1285) have pointed out that
because the Hantush-Jacob formulation uses water-level change data
only from the aquifer being pumped (or recharged) it can not be
used to distinguish whether the leaking beds are above or below (or
from both sides) of the aquifer. Hantush (7) presents a refinement that
allows the parameters determined by the aquifer field test analysis
to be interpreted as composite parameters that reflect the combined
effects of overlying and underlying confined beds. Neuman and
Witherspoon 5.3.4 The Hantush-Jacob theoretical
development requires that the leakage into the aquifer is
proportional to the drawdown, and that the drawdown does not vary
in the vertical in the aquifer. These requirements are sometimes
described by stating that the flow in the confining beds is
essentially vertical and in the aquifer is essentially horizontal.
Hantush's 5.3.5 The Hantush-Jacob method requires
that there is no change in water storage in the leaky confining
bed. Weeks the drawdowns in the aquifer will be
described by the equation where Note that in Hantush's (7) solution, the term appears instead of the expression given
for The implication being from Hantush
or If the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining bed was an order of magnitude larger, K′ = 0.01 m/day, then the Hantush-Jacob 5.3.5.1 It should be noted that the Hantush 5.3.5.2 Moench (10) presents numerical results that give insight into the effects of control well storage and changes in storage in the confining bed on drawdowns in the aquifer for various parameter values. However, Moench does not offer an explicit formula for when those effects diminish enough for subsequent drawdown data to fit the Hantush-Jacob solution. 5.3.6 The assumption stated in
5.1.5, that the leaky
confining bed is bounded on the other side by a uniform head
source, the level of which does not change with time, was
considered by Neuman and Witherspoon (11, p. 810). They considered a
confined system of two aquifers separated by a confining bed as
shown schematically in Fig.
3. Their analysis concluded that the drawdowns in an aquifer
in response to discharging from a well in that aquifer would not be
affected by the properties of the other, unpumped, aquifer for
times that satisfy |
| 1. Scope |
|
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer and the leakance value of an overlying or underlying confining bed for the case where there is negligible change of water in storage in a confining bed. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050. 1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the Hantush-Jacob method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (Practice D4106) with the exception that in this case the aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness, and in which the gain or loss of water in storage is assumed to be negligible, and that bed, in turn, is bounded on the distal side by a zone in which the head remains constant. The hydraulic conductivity of the other bed confining the aquifer is so small that it is assumed to be impermeable (see Fig. 1). FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Discharging Well in a Leaky Aquifer (from Reed 1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and round established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard. 1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported date to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method for engineering design. 1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. |
