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Standard Practice for Sampling Zooplankton with Conical Tow Nets
Automatische name übersetzung:
Standard Praxis für Sampling Zooplankton mit konischer Schleppnetze
NORM herausgegeben am 1.12.2012
Bezeichnung normen: ASTM E1201-87(2012)
Anmerkung: UNGÜLTIG
Ausgabedatum normen: 1.12.2012
SKU: NS-40846
Zahl der Seiten: 3
Gewicht ca.: 9 g (0.02 Pfund)
Land: Amerikanische technische Norm
Kategorie: Technische Normen ASTM
Keywords:
ICS Number Code 13.060.30 (Sewage water)
Significance and Use | ||||
3.1 The advantages of using conical tow nets are as follows: 3.1.1 They are relatively inexpensive and highly versatile in a variety of inland, estuarine, coastal, and marine waters. 3.1.2 They can be used from a small or large powered boat with a minimum of auxiliary equipment. 3.1.3 They can be used to collect qualitative samples and semiquantitative samples when fitted with a flowmeter and even better samples when fitted with a companion meter on the outside of the hoop to monitor filtering efficiency. 3.2 The disadvantages of conical tow nets are as follows: 3.2.1 When equipped with a flowmeter they require frequent maintenance including calibration and, in some types, lubrication. 3.2.2 They are effective only where drawn through a stream of water having considerable thickness. They are not suitable for collecting samples from a small or restricted region. 3.2.3 They are not suitable for collecting in very shallow water. 3.2.4 They are clogged by grass beds, coelenterates, and filamentous algae. 3.2.5 When used with a flowmeter, they collect only qualitative samples, or semiquantitative samples. 3.2.6 When sampling discrete depths using a horizontal tow, the sample can be contaminated from other depths during the deployment and retrieval of the samples if opening and closing devices are not used. 3.3 There are several special considerations that shall be observed when using conical tow nets. They are: 3.3.1 Conical tow net samplers are designed to be towed at speeds less than three knots; however, greater speeds have been used for the larger nets with a concomitant increase in capture.2 3.3.2 A conical tow net 0.5 m in diameter or larger shall be used to reduce avoidance by organisms.3.3.3 The nets shall be washed frequently and inspected for pin-size holes, tears, net deterioration, and other anomalies. 3.3.4 Nets should be allowed to dry while suspended full length in air and in subdued light prior to storage. 3.3.5 Lower catches per sample may result when collections are made during the day. These are particularly noted in the larger zooplanktons. Species
|
Fresh |
Marine |
||
Habitat |
Size Range |
Habitat |
Size Range |
|
Protozoans (single cells) |
|
6 to 1,000 μ |
|
−2.0 mm |
Ciliophora (ciliated single cells) |
few fresh |
22 to 600 μ |
|
|
Coelenterata |
few fresh (Hydras) |
<20 mm |
|
|
Ctenophora |
|
|
|
10 to 121 mm |
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
|
1 to 30 mm |
inland waters |
0.5 to 40 mm |
Nemertea (Proboscus worms) |
|
<20 mm |
great variation |
5 mm to 6.5 m |
Nematoda (Round worms) |
|
<2.3 mm |
|
7 mm |
Nematomorpha (horsehair |
pools, slow brooks |
10 to 70 cm |
|
|
Gastrotricha |
most fresh (shallow) |
70 μ–615 μ |
|
|
Rotifera |
90 percent fresh |
80 μ–1,500 μ |
|
|
Bryozoa (moss animals) |
some fresh; |
|
most species encrusting |
|
|
statoblasts |
0.4 to >1.0 mm |
statoblasts |
|
Chaetognatha (arrowworms) |
|
|
high salinity |
up to 40 mm |
Annelida (segmented worms) |
|
|
|
|
Oligochaeta |
most fresh |
0.5 to 5 mm |
very few |
|
Polychaeta |
few fresh |
|
most spp. small except Nereis |
up to 50 cm |
Hirundinea |
most fresh (standing |
adults 5 mm to 45.7 cm |
few marine |
|
|
waters) |
|
|
|
Arthropoda |
|
|
|
|
Crustacea |
|
|
|
|
Branchlopoda |
most fresh |
3 mm to 30 mm |
some marine |
10 mm |
Cladocerans |
most fresh |
up to 3 mm; 0.2 to 18.0 mm |
few marine |
|
Ostracoda |
|
|
|
|
Copepoda |
|
|
|
|
Calenoida |
|
nauplius—<4.0 mm |
|
0.5 to 10.0 mm |
Cyclopoida |
|
nauplius—<3.0 mm |
|
<0.5 to 1.0 mm |
Harpacticoid |
|
nauplius—1.0 mm |
|
<0.5 to 1.0 m |
Ectoparasites |
some fresh |
5 to 25 mm |
some estuarine |
5.5 to 25 mm |
Cirripedia |
|
|
estuarine/marine:nauplii |
|
Mysidacea |
few in cold lakes |
8 to 30 mm |
|
|
Amphipoda |
some fresh |
5 to 25 mm |
|
5 to 30 mm |
Decapoda |
some associated with debris |
15 to 200 mm |
|
2.0 mm to 20 to 40 cm |
Insecta (aquatic) |
most fresh |
|
|
|
Mollusca |
|
|
|
|
Gastropoda |
|
|
|
|
|
|
adults <2 to 70 mm |
|
8 to 80 mm trochophore |
Pelecypoda |
some fresh |
adults 2 to 250 mm |
most have free |
|
Echinodermata |
|
|
|
|
Fish eggs/larvae |
eggs 0.75 to 3 mm |
400 μ to 505 μ |
|
|
|
larvae 1.5 mm |
|
|
|
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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